The DIFFERENCES IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF INFANTS AGED 4-6 MONTHS WHO WERE EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED AND THOSE WERE GIVEN NONEXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING : LITERATURE REVIEW
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Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that babies remain given exclusive breast milk for the first six months of a baby's life. However, there were some obstacles that cause the mother to be unable to give exclusive breast milk to her baby. By the time the baby becoming 4 to 6 months, the opportunity to provided exclusive breast milk is reduced because of many factor such as working mother can be an obstacle to providing exclusive breast milk. Often for mothers prefer to provide formula milk or complementary food for their babies to make it simply.This literature review aims to determine the differences in nutritional status of infants who were exclusively breastfed and those who were not exclusively breastfed at the age of 4 to 6 months. This literature review is semi-quantitative using the narrative review method. The search for articles accessed from the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct database found 40 articles that met the criteria. There were differences in the nutritional status of infants who were exclusively breastfed and those who were given non-exclusive breastfeeding. Babies who were exclusively breastfed at the age of 4 to 6 months had a better nutritional status than babies who were given nonexclusive breastfeeding.
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Maheni, F. D. M., Abdiana, & Rafika Oktova. (2021). The DIFFERENCES IN NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF INFANTS AGED 4-6 MONTHS WHO WERE EXCLUSIVELY BREASTFED AND THOSE WERE GIVEN NONEXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING : LITERATURE REVIEW. SEAJOM: The Southeast Asia Journal of Midwifery, 7(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.36749/seajom.v7i1.136
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References
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4. Bartleman, J. Infant and child nutrition. Journal pediatric nutrition. medicine. Elsevier. 2019;Vol 47(3).
5. Supariasa, I.D.N., B. Bakri. dan I. Fajar. Penilaian Status Gizi. Jakarta: EGC; 2012.
6. Dwijayanthi, L. Ilmu gizi menjadi sangat mudah edisi 2. Jakarta: EGC; 2011.
7. Sitepoe, M. ASI eksklusif : arti penting bagi kehidupan. Jakarta: Indeks; 2013.
8. Khasanah, N. ASI atau Susu Formula Ya?. Jakarta: Flashbook; 2011.
9. Andriany E, Ahmad A, Yuniwati C. Perbedaan pertumbuhan berat badan bayi ASI ekslusif dan non eksklusif di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Peukan bada Kabupaten Aceh besar. Idea nursing journal. 2013; vol. IV no. 2.
10. Heryanto, E. Faktor-Faktor yang berhubungan dengan Pemberian Makanan Pendamping ASI Dini. Aisyah: jurnal ilmu kesehatan 2 (2). 2017; 141 – 152.
11. Chuan Y, Colin W. Binns, and Andy H. Lee. The Early Introduction of Complementary (Solid) Foods: A Prospective Cohort Study of Infants in Chengdu, China. Nutrients. 2019; 11, 760; MDPI
12. Ginanti, N. A. Hubungan praktik pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) dengan status gizi bayi (usia 0-6 bulan) di wilayah kerjaPuskesmas gayamsari kota semarang. Jurnal kesehatan masyarakat (ejournal) FKM UNDIP. 2015; Volume 3 No 3.
13. Kementerian Kesehatan RI . Profil kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2018. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2019.
14. Park SJ, Lee HJ. Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding reduce the risk of overweight in childhood: A nationwide longitudinal study in Korea. Obes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2018;12(2):222–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2018.01.001
15. Khan MN, Islam MM. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: A nationally representative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–7.
16. Nigatu D, Azage M, Motbainor A. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding cessation time on childhood morbidity and adverse nutritional outcomes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the demographic and health surveys. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):1–12.
17. Haschke F, Grathwohl D, Detzel P, Steenhout P, Wagemans N, Erdmann P. Postnatal High Protein Intake Can Contribute to Accelerated Weight Gain of Infants and Increased Obesity Risk. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2016;85:101–9. 1
18. Rossiter MD, Colapinto CK, Khan MKA, McIsaac JLD, Williams PL, Kirk SFL, et al. Breast, Formula and Combination Feeding in Relation to Childhood Obesity in Nova Scotia, Canada. Matern Child Health J. 2015;
19. (9):2048–56. 19.Forbes JD, Azad MB, Vehling L, Tun HM, Konya TB, Guttman DS, et al. Association of exposure to formula in the hospital and subsequent infant feeding practices with gut microbiota and risk of overweight in the first year of life. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(7):1–11.
20. Ma JQ, Zhou LL, Hu YQ, Liu SS, Sheng XY. Association between feeding practices and weight status in young children. BMC Pediatr [Internet].2015;15(1):1–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015- 0418-4
21. Ashok A, H. SJ, K. MT. A comparative study of impact of breastfeeding practices on the nutritional status of the infants among the working and non-working women. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2018;5(5):1759.
22. Alzaheb RA. Factors associated with the early introduction of complementary feeding in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(7).
23. Barrera CM, Hamner HC, Perrine CG, Scanlon KS. Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods to US Infants, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014. J Acad Nutr Diet [Internet].2018;118(3):464–70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.10.020
24. Kurniawan J, Anggraini A, Julia M. Infant feeding practice on growth velocity in 4 to 6- month-olds. paediatr indones. 2018; p-issn 0030-9311; e-issn 2338-476x; vol.58, no.1P. 36- 41 ; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi58.1.2018.36-41
25. Borresen EC, Guajardo MC, Zambrana LE, Perez J, Perez C, Stallones L, et al. Association between Infant Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status in Healthy Nicaraguan Infants. 2016;4–9.
26. Boundy EON, Fisher Boyd A, Hamner HC, Belay B, Liebhart JL, Lindros J, et al. US Pediatrician Practices on Early Nutrition, Feeding, and Growth. J Nutr Educ Behav [Internet]. 2020;52(1):31–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2019.10.006
27. Helle C, Hillesund ER, Overby NC. Timing of complementary feeding and associations with maternal and infant characteristics: A Norwegian cross- sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):1– 20.
28. Safri M, Putra AR, Mulya VC. Nutritional status of infants with cow’s milk allergy who consume breast milk vs. Hypoallergenic formula. paediatr indones. 2016; p-issn 0030-9311; e-issn 2338- 476x; vol.56 no.5(2016) p.311-4; doi: 10.14238/pi56.5.2016.311-4.
29. Odton P. Breastfeeding and Nutritional Status among Children in Thailand. 2018;1(1):1–12.
30. Anoshirike C, O OT, C OP, Ogbu C, Asinobi C, Ofoezie EI. Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Nutritional Status of Infants Attending University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria. Int J Innov Stud Sci Eng Technol [Internet]. 2017;4863(2):2455–4863. Available from: www.ijisset.org
31. Meshram II, Mallikharjun Rao K, Balakrishna N, Harikumar R, Arlappa N, Sreeramakrishna K, et al. Infant and young child feeding practices, sociodemographic factors and their association with nutritional status of children aged <3 years in India: Findings of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey, 2011-2012. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(1):104–14.
32. Wubante AA. Determinants of infant nutritional status in Dabat district, North Gondar, Ethiopia: A case control study. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):1–9.
33. Papoutsou S, Savva SC, Hunsberger M, Jilani H, Michels N, Ahrens W, et al. Timing of solid food introduction and association with later childhood overweight and obesity: The IDEFICS study. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14(1):1–8.
34. Doub QAE, Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Infant and maternal predictors of early life feeding decisions. The timing of solid food introduction. Appetite [Internet].2015; Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.201 5.05.028
35. Syeda B, Agho K, Wilson L, Maheshwari GK, Raza MQ. Relationship between breastfeeding duration and undernutrition conditions among children aged 0–3 Years in Pakistan. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 2020;(xxxx):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2020.01.006
36. Walters CN, Rakotomanana H, Komakech JJ, Stoecker BJ. Maternal determinants of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding and their association with child undernutrition in Malawi (2015-2016). BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–12.
37. Ahishakiye J, Bouwman L, Brouwer ID, Vaandrager L, Koelen M. Prenatal infant feeding intentions and actual feeding practices during the first six months postpartum in rural Rwanda: A qualitative, longitudinal cohort study. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15(1):1–14.
38. Chhetri S, Rao AP, Guddattu V. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among working mothers in Udupi taluk, Karnataka. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2018;6(4):216– 9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.06.008
39. Karuniawati MC, Dasuki MS, Candrasari A. Perbedaan status gizi bayi berumur 4–6 bulan pada pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan ASI non eksklusif. Biomedika. 2016; volume 8 nomor 1
40. Campbell RK, Aguayo VM, Kang Y, Dzed L, Joshi V, Waid J, et al. Infant and young child feeding practices and nutritional status in Bhutan. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14(May 2017):1–6.
41. Christy EM,1 Sukmaniah S, Sekartini R. Breastfeeding pattern and its association with nutritional status and salivary secretory immunoglobulin a level in 3–6 months old infants. World nutr.j. 2017; Eissn 2580-7013; doi:10.25220/wnj/v01.i2.0009
42. Halakhe A. Determinants of Early Complementary Feeding Practices among Children below 6 Months Old in Kisii Level 6 Hospital in Kisii County. Acta Sci Nutr Heal. 2019;3(8):84–94.
43. Urteaga N, San Miguel JL, Aguilar AM, Muñoz M, Slater C. Nutritional status and human milk intake of exclusively breast-fed infants at high altitude in la Paz, Bolivia. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(2):158–63.
44. Gadappa SM, Behera MK. Nutritional Status and Feeding Practices in Relation to IYCN Policy Among Children under 2 Years of Age in Tertiary Cwere Centre. Orig Res. 2016;3(6):1650–2.
45. Fekadu Y, Mesfin A, Haile D, Stoecker BJ. Factors associated with nutritional status of infants and young children in Somali Region, Ethiopia: A cross- sectional study Global health. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2015;15(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2190-7
46. Alianmoghaddam N, Phibbs S, Benn C. Reasons for Stopping Exclusive Breastfeeding Between Three and Six Months: A Qualitative Study. J Pediatr Nurs [Internet]. 2018;39:37–43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.01.007
47. Bwalya KM, Mukonka V, Kankasa C, Masaninga F, Babaniyi O, Siziya S. Infants and young children feeding practices and nutritional status in two districts of Zambia. Int Breastfeed J. 2015;10(1):1–8.
48. Smith HA, Hourihane JOB, Kenny LC, Kiely M, Leahy-Warren P, Murray DM. Infant formula feeding practices in a prospective population based study. BMC Pediatr [Internet]. 2016;16(1):1–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0754-z
49. Das A, Mala GS, Singh RS, Majumdar A, Chatterjee R, Chaudhuri I, et al. Prelacteal feeding practice and maintenance of exclusive breast feeding in Bihar, India – Identifying key demographic sections for childhood nutrition interventions: A cross-sectional study. Gates Open Res. 2019;3:1–13.
50. Garcia AL, Looby S, McLean-Guthrie K, Parrett A. An exploration of complementary feeding practices, information needs and sources. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(22).
51. Appleton J, Laws R, Russell CG, Fowler C, Campbell KJ, Denney-Wilson E. Infant formula feeding practices and the role of advice and support: An exploratory qualitative study. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1) :1–11.
52. Purba RB, Rumagit FA, dan Taher R. Status gizi bayi 4 – 6 bulan yang mendapatkan ASI eksklusif dan ASI non eksklusif di Puskesmas Kolongan Kecamatan Kalawat Kabupaten minahasa utara. Gizido. 2018; Volume 10 no.1
53. Gupta S, Agarwal R, Aggarwal KC, Chellani H, Duggal A, Arya S, et al. Complementary feeding at 4 versus 6 months of age for preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks of gestation: a randomised, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Glob Heal. 2017;5(5):e501-11.
2. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Infodatin : Menyusui sebagai dasar kehidupan. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2018. ISSN 2442-7659
3. Pollard, M. ASI asuhan berbasis bukti. Alih bahasa, E. Elly wiriawan. Jakarta : EGC; 2015.
4. Bartleman, J. Infant and child nutrition. Journal pediatric nutrition. medicine. Elsevier. 2019;Vol 47(3).
5. Supariasa, I.D.N., B. Bakri. dan I. Fajar. Penilaian Status Gizi. Jakarta: EGC; 2012.
6. Dwijayanthi, L. Ilmu gizi menjadi sangat mudah edisi 2. Jakarta: EGC; 2011.
7. Sitepoe, M. ASI eksklusif : arti penting bagi kehidupan. Jakarta: Indeks; 2013.
8. Khasanah, N. ASI atau Susu Formula Ya?. Jakarta: Flashbook; 2011.
9. Andriany E, Ahmad A, Yuniwati C. Perbedaan pertumbuhan berat badan bayi ASI ekslusif dan non eksklusif di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Peukan bada Kabupaten Aceh besar. Idea nursing journal. 2013; vol. IV no. 2.
10. Heryanto, E. Faktor-Faktor yang berhubungan dengan Pemberian Makanan Pendamping ASI Dini. Aisyah: jurnal ilmu kesehatan 2 (2). 2017; 141 – 152.
11. Chuan Y, Colin W. Binns, and Andy H. Lee. The Early Introduction of Complementary (Solid) Foods: A Prospective Cohort Study of Infants in Chengdu, China. Nutrients. 2019; 11, 760; MDPI
12. Ginanti, N. A. Hubungan praktik pemberian air susu ibu (ASI) dengan status gizi bayi (usia 0-6 bulan) di wilayah kerjaPuskesmas gayamsari kota semarang. Jurnal kesehatan masyarakat (ejournal) FKM UNDIP. 2015; Volume 3 No 3.
13. Kementerian Kesehatan RI . Profil kesehatan Indonesia tahun 2018. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2019.
14. Park SJ, Lee HJ. Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding reduce the risk of overweight in childhood: A nationwide longitudinal study in Korea. Obes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2018;12(2):222–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2018.01.001
15. Khan MN, Islam MM. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: A nationally representative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–7.
16. Nigatu D, Azage M, Motbainor A. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding cessation time on childhood morbidity and adverse nutritional outcomes in Ethiopia: Analysis of the demographic and health surveys. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):1–12.
17. Haschke F, Grathwohl D, Detzel P, Steenhout P, Wagemans N, Erdmann P. Postnatal High Protein Intake Can Contribute to Accelerated Weight Gain of Infants and Increased Obesity Risk. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser. 2016;85:101–9. 1
18. Rossiter MD, Colapinto CK, Khan MKA, McIsaac JLD, Williams PL, Kirk SFL, et al. Breast, Formula and Combination Feeding in Relation to Childhood Obesity in Nova Scotia, Canada. Matern Child Health J. 2015;
19. (9):2048–56. 19.Forbes JD, Azad MB, Vehling L, Tun HM, Konya TB, Guttman DS, et al. Association of exposure to formula in the hospital and subsequent infant feeding practices with gut microbiota and risk of overweight in the first year of life. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(7):1–11.
20. Ma JQ, Zhou LL, Hu YQ, Liu SS, Sheng XY. Association between feeding practices and weight status in young children. BMC Pediatr [Internet].2015;15(1):1–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015- 0418-4
21. Ashok A, H. SJ, K. MT. A comparative study of impact of breastfeeding practices on the nutritional status of the infants among the working and non-working women. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2018;5(5):1759.
22. Alzaheb RA. Factors associated with the early introduction of complementary feeding in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(7).
23. Barrera CM, Hamner HC, Perrine CG, Scanlon KS. Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods to US Infants, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2014. J Acad Nutr Diet [Internet].2018;118(3):464–70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.10.020
24. Kurniawan J, Anggraini A, Julia M. Infant feeding practice on growth velocity in 4 to 6- month-olds. paediatr indones. 2018; p-issn 0030-9311; e-issn 2338-476x; vol.58, no.1P. 36- 41 ; doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi58.1.2018.36-41
25. Borresen EC, Guajardo MC, Zambrana LE, Perez J, Perez C, Stallones L, et al. Association between Infant Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status in Healthy Nicaraguan Infants. 2016;4–9.
26. Boundy EON, Fisher Boyd A, Hamner HC, Belay B, Liebhart JL, Lindros J, et al. US Pediatrician Practices on Early Nutrition, Feeding, and Growth. J Nutr Educ Behav [Internet]. 2020;52(1):31–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2019.10.006
27. Helle C, Hillesund ER, Overby NC. Timing of complementary feeding and associations with maternal and infant characteristics: A Norwegian cross- sectional study. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):1– 20.
28. Safri M, Putra AR, Mulya VC. Nutritional status of infants with cow’s milk allergy who consume breast milk vs. Hypoallergenic formula. paediatr indones. 2016; p-issn 0030-9311; e-issn 2338- 476x; vol.56 no.5(2016) p.311-4; doi: 10.14238/pi56.5.2016.311-4.
29. Odton P. Breastfeeding and Nutritional Status among Children in Thailand. 2018;1(1):1–12.
30. Anoshirike C, O OT, C OP, Ogbu C, Asinobi C, Ofoezie EI. Exclusive Breastfeeding Practice and Nutritional Status of Infants Attending University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, Nigeria. Int J Innov Stud Sci Eng Technol [Internet]. 2017;4863(2):2455–4863. Available from: www.ijisset.org
31. Meshram II, Mallikharjun Rao K, Balakrishna N, Harikumar R, Arlappa N, Sreeramakrishna K, et al. Infant and young child feeding practices, sociodemographic factors and their association with nutritional status of children aged <3 years in India: Findings of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau survey, 2011-2012. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(1):104–14.
32. Wubante AA. Determinants of infant nutritional status in Dabat district, North Gondar, Ethiopia: A case control study. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):1–9.
33. Papoutsou S, Savva SC, Hunsberger M, Jilani H, Michels N, Ahrens W, et al. Timing of solid food introduction and association with later childhood overweight and obesity: The IDEFICS study. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14(1):1–8.
34. Doub QAE, Moding KJ, Stifter CA. Infant and maternal predictors of early life feeding decisions. The timing of solid food introduction. Appetite [Internet].2015; Availablefrom:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.201 5.05.028
35. Syeda B, Agho K, Wilson L, Maheshwari GK, Raza MQ. Relationship between breastfeeding duration and undernutrition conditions among children aged 0–3 Years in Pakistan. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 2020;(xxxx):1–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpam.2020.01.006
36. Walters CN, Rakotomanana H, Komakech JJ, Stoecker BJ. Maternal determinants of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding and their association with child undernutrition in Malawi (2015-2016). BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–12.
37. Ahishakiye J, Bouwman L, Brouwer ID, Vaandrager L, Koelen M. Prenatal infant feeding intentions and actual feeding practices during the first six months postpartum in rural Rwanda: A qualitative, longitudinal cohort study. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15(1):1–14.
38. Chhetri S, Rao AP, Guddattu V. Factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among working mothers in Udupi taluk, Karnataka. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal [Internet]. 2018;6(4):216– 9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.06.008
39. Karuniawati MC, Dasuki MS, Candrasari A. Perbedaan status gizi bayi berumur 4–6 bulan pada pemberian ASI eksklusif dengan ASI non eksklusif. Biomedika. 2016; volume 8 nomor 1
40. Campbell RK, Aguayo VM, Kang Y, Dzed L, Joshi V, Waid J, et al. Infant and young child feeding practices and nutritional status in Bhutan. Matern Child Nutr. 2018;14(May 2017):1–6.
41. Christy EM,1 Sukmaniah S, Sekartini R. Breastfeeding pattern and its association with nutritional status and salivary secretory immunoglobulin a level in 3–6 months old infants. World nutr.j. 2017; Eissn 2580-7013; doi:10.25220/wnj/v01.i2.0009
42. Halakhe A. Determinants of Early Complementary Feeding Practices among Children below 6 Months Old in Kisii Level 6 Hospital in Kisii County. Acta Sci Nutr Heal. 2019;3(8):84–94.
43. Urteaga N, San Miguel JL, Aguilar AM, Muñoz M, Slater C. Nutritional status and human milk intake of exclusively breast-fed infants at high altitude in la Paz, Bolivia. Br J Nutr. 2018;120(2):158–63.
44. Gadappa SM, Behera MK. Nutritional Status and Feeding Practices in Relation to IYCN Policy Among Children under 2 Years of Age in Tertiary Cwere Centre. Orig Res. 2016;3(6):1650–2.
45. Fekadu Y, Mesfin A, Haile D, Stoecker BJ. Factors associated with nutritional status of infants and young children in Somali Region, Ethiopia: A cross- sectional study Global health. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2015;15(1):1–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2190-7
46. Alianmoghaddam N, Phibbs S, Benn C. Reasons for Stopping Exclusive Breastfeeding Between Three and Six Months: A Qualitative Study. J Pediatr Nurs [Internet]. 2018;39:37–43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.01.007
47. Bwalya KM, Mukonka V, Kankasa C, Masaninga F, Babaniyi O, Siziya S. Infants and young children feeding practices and nutritional status in two districts of Zambia. Int Breastfeed J. 2015;10(1):1–8.
48. Smith HA, Hourihane JOB, Kenny LC, Kiely M, Leahy-Warren P, Murray DM. Infant formula feeding practices in a prospective population based study. BMC Pediatr [Internet]. 2016;16(1):1–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0754-z
49. Das A, Mala GS, Singh RS, Majumdar A, Chatterjee R, Chaudhuri I, et al. Prelacteal feeding practice and maintenance of exclusive breast feeding in Bihar, India – Identifying key demographic sections for childhood nutrition interventions: A cross-sectional study. Gates Open Res. 2019;3:1–13.
50. Garcia AL, Looby S, McLean-Guthrie K, Parrett A. An exploration of complementary feeding practices, information needs and sources. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(22).
51. Appleton J, Laws R, Russell CG, Fowler C, Campbell KJ, Denney-Wilson E. Infant formula feeding practices and the role of advice and support: An exploratory qualitative study. BMC Pediatr. 2018;18(1) :1–11.
52. Purba RB, Rumagit FA, dan Taher R. Status gizi bayi 4 – 6 bulan yang mendapatkan ASI eksklusif dan ASI non eksklusif di Puskesmas Kolongan Kecamatan Kalawat Kabupaten minahasa utara. Gizido. 2018; Volume 10 no.1
53. Gupta S, Agarwal R, Aggarwal KC, Chellani H, Duggal A, Arya S, et al. Complementary feeding at 4 versus 6 months of age for preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks of gestation: a randomised, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Glob Heal. 2017;5(5):e501-11.